The trouble with mouth breathing

You should breathe through your mouth as often as you eat through your nose. The mouth is for eating and speaking. It's only our backup plan for breathing. Most normal breathing takes place through the nose. The mouth can step in when the nose can't do its job, such as when we have a stuffy nose, or when we need the air quickly, such as when we hyperventilate. But, it's meant to only be plan B. The path air takes from the mouth to the lungs is shorter than it takes from the nose, and the air isn't as warm or moist as the lungs prefer. Additionally, your mouth doesn't have germ filters like hair or mucus-like the nose does. Plus, people who mouth-breathe at night often snore and never experience the deepest level of sleep. Extended mouth breathing can cause micro-trauma to the tissues in the back of the throat, which opens the throat up to infection and swelling. The tonsils often become so enlarged that they block the airway during sleep–a key contributor to sleep apnea.

The role of undiagnosed or under-treated tongue tie

Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) refers to an unusually short band of tissue (frenulum) that tethers the tongue's tip to the floor. About 3 million people are diagnosed each year. And that number is likely quite low because tongue-tie is frequently left undiagnosed or untreated.

It's typically new mothers struggling with breastfeeding who learn their baby has a tongue-tie. Or it might be noticed later as the child begins talking and shows signs of a speech impediment. In both cases, it's often the more severe cases of tongue-tie that get noticed by midwives, lactation consults, or pediatricians.

The problem is that the short frenulum restricts the movement of the tongue and doesn't allow it to lay correctly in the mouth. This impacts how our mouths develop and how much room we have in our airway–major contributing factors for sleep apnea.

The role of the size and shape of the mouth

Size and shape matter when it comes to our mouths. We need room for our tongue to sit in the correct position–even for those of use without tongue-tie.  

Additionally, the roof of our mouth (palate) is also the floor of our nose. If it develops overly arched, it leaves less room for the nasal passageways above it to grow. Resulting in smaller nasal cavities and a deviated septum, both of which contribute to breathing difficulties both awake and asleep.

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FAQ

Q.
Is frenuloplasty painful?
A.

For adults frenuloplasty is typically done under local anesthesia, which numbs the area and minimizes pain during the procedure. After the procedure, there may be some discomfort or soreness, which is managed with over-the-counter pain relievers.  Nitrous Oxide, commonly known as "laughing gas" is administered to children 2 years and older  in combination with a topical numbing agent, and local anesthetic.  Babies need nothing more than a topical numbing agent.

Q.
How can a dentist help me sleep better?
A.

A dentist may be able to help you sleep better by treating any issues in the mouth that may be contributing to sleep disturbances.  Dentists can create custom oral appliances and make the mouth bigger through palate expansion.

Q.
How do I know if my baby has a tongue or lip tie?
A.

An official diagnosis can only be given by a physician or dentist, though many other professions may suspect an issue.  Some symptoms you can look for if you suspect a tie are:
    - an inability to nurse or take a bottle properly
    - clicking noises while feeding
    - gumming or chewing the nipple while feeding
    - frustration at the breast or bottle
    - poor weight gain
    - breastfeeding is painful for mom

Q.
What is a tongue/lip tie and how is it treated?
A.

Inside your mouth is connective tissue between oral structures that you might have heard referred to as "frenulum" or "frenum". It's that stretchy piece of tissue that connects your lip to your gums and your tongue to the floor of your mouth.  A tongue-tie or lip-tie is the term used  when that tissue limits the tongue or lip's range of motion.  For an infant, this can create challenges in nursing or taking a bottle and can affect oral development. For a child, this can create obstacles in speech, eating, and behavior, just to name a few.  For an adult, it can be a contributing cause of neck pain and tension, headaches and migraines,low back pain and teeth grinding. In all ages it can contribute to sleep disturbances.  Treatment is usually a procedure called a frenectomy or frenuloplasty to remove the restrictive tissue.

Q.
How do I know that I, or a member of my family, has a sleep problem?
A.

Does the person in question wake up feeling refreshed? Do they appear grumpy?  Are there bags under the eyes? Does the child have bed head in the morning, where it is obvious that the child has tossed and turned all night? Does the child have problems with nighttime urination? As an adult, are you waking up frequently to go to the bathroom? Are you always sleeping on your belly? Can you fall asleep anywhere, anyplace, anytime? These are things we discuss at Breathe Cincinnati.

Q.
Why not wait until all the adult teeth are in prior to beginning traditional orthodontic treatment?
A.

90% of the craniofacial development of the child is complete by the age of 9. If the child has a high palate and narrow arch the chances are that child does not have proper resting tongue position.  If this is the case, the mouth will already be on a path that may not be ideal.  In our opinion, early intervention is paramount.  Early intervention could drastically impact ones’ health trajectory throughout life.

Q.
When should I have my child evaluated if I suspect sleep disordered breathing?
A.

Obviously soon is better than later so in order to get them on a path to optimal rest.

Q.
My child’s pediatrician has never mentioned anything like this to me before, what are you seeing that they are not?
A.

Typically child well visits are focused on confirming that your child is meeting age-appropriate milestones and screening for concerns of significant distress.  If the parent does not bring up any concerns and a child is within expected growth parameters airway issues may easily slip by unnoticed. Pediatricians are not trained to evaluate the mouth-this has always been under the purview of a dentist.

Q.
Would you be my general dentist?
A.

No, unless you would like to visit Dr. Koo at her other office where she helps restore mouths. Until recently, most dentists have been trained solely on the gums and teeth - not the mouth as part of the airway.  Understanding that the size of the mouth plays an important role in the health and wellbeing of the whole person is only now beginning to be understood. When visiting Dr. Koo at Breathe Cincinnati, her primary focus will be on evaluating the impact of your mouth on your body and then providing access to a team of professionals dedicated to optimizing your health.

Q.
Why is it that my current dentist hasn't mentioned any of this to me?
A.

The importance of the tongue has slipped by unless the dentist has learned about and takes the time to understand the whole child, ask questions that go beyond the superficial appearance of health and cavity free teeth; the impact of the mouth that is too small for child's tongue will continue to go by unnoticed and unobserved. It is part of Breathe Cincinnati's mission to help empower parents advocate for their children.